Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

A deeper understanding of environmental vulnerability is essential for crafting effective sustainability strategies. However, data deficiencies and methodological uncertainties often obscure a comprehensive grasp of the underlying issues. This study employs Google Earth Engine (GEE)-coded satellite imagery and the Getis spatial autocorrelation test to examine spatial patterns of environmental vulnerability in 397 Iranian counties from 2011 to 2021, framed within the theoretical lens of vulnerability.The results of the Getis test reveal heterogeneous distributions and diverse vulnerability patterns across Iranian counties in various dimensions, including air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, changes in temperature and precipitation, groundwater depletion, biodiversity threats, and soil erosion, particularly in the central, southern, eastern, and northern regions. Emphasizing the role of distinct spatial patterns in terms of "sensitivity" and "exposure," this research suggests that environmental policies in Iran should be tailored to regional spatial disparities and socio-ecological characteristics.This approach can enhance adaptive capacity and mitigate environmental vulnerability in critical areas. The use of algorithmic techniques for environmental vulnerability indexing, combined with spatial data and population analysis, provides a robust framework for future research. This framework can be applied in national and regional planning to alleviate environmental pressures and improve sustainability.

The recognition of physical-spatial development patterns of cities is necessary for achieving to urban sustainability. Because, many of sc, ientists believed that a meaningful relation between urban form and urban sustainability exist. With attention to this issue, the purpose of this research is evaluating of Sabzevar physical-spatial development pattern with using quantities models such as size-rank rule, Gini coefficient, relative entropy, geary coefficient, and density gradient and correlation analysis. Methodology of research is combination of inductive and apriority methods. The results of this research indicated that during 1993-2006 years, gross population density of Sabzevar very reduced and from 128 per/h received to 76 per/h. this reduction says that in these periods Sabzevar have had s sprawl. Investigation of size-rank rule represented that during 1921-2006 rate of physical development growth is much more than rate of population growth. Density gradient in sabzevar in 2006 is reducing with distance from city center. It means that in Sabzevar city outskirts is developing. Investigation of Equal distribution grade of population with using Gini and relative entropy coefficient indicated that population distribution in Sabzevar in 2006 rather than 1993 has been equaled. Surveys of agglomeration grade of population with use of geary coefficient shows that distribution of population in Sabzevar city in 1993 has been random agglomeration while in 2006 became sprawl. The use of Holdern model indicates that significant part of sprawl in Sabzevar city has been occurred during 2003-2006 years. In these years, 30 percent of urban physical growth derives population growth and 70 percent of this growth derives sprawl and horizontal expansion and finally, Correlation analysis indicates that between gross population density and variables such as statistic district area, literacy, family dimension and family in residential unit had existed significant relations. Pay attention to this issue that during 1993-2006 years, sprawl has been one of the important features of physical development Sabzevar, it is necessary to urban Manager's restrict factors that create sprawl and horizontal expansion in Sabzevar city.

Understanding the physical condition of the city and analyzing the pattern of physical development to achieve sustainable urban development is vital, because today the bulk of researchers assume that there is a significant relationship between the pattern of physical development of the city and sustainability. Accordingly, the primary goal of this study is to analyze the physical-spatial development pattern of Yasuj using spatial analysis methods such as local spatial autocorrelation (Moran), directional distribution, standard elliptic distribution and hot spots. The research methodology draws on both deductive and inductive methods. The former was employed to explore theoretical foundations and research literature, and the latter was adopted to gain insights into the pattern of physical development of Yasuj by tapping into statistics and information obtained from secondary data. The results of spatial analysis suggest that in population, residential and construction indices, density displays a pattern of cluster distribution and spatial autocorrelation. As such, the Z-Score was 54.58 for population density, 57.48 for residential density and 51.12 for construction density in 2015, exhibiting a significant surge compared to 1996 and 2006. The results of hot spots for 1996-2016 span in Yasuj city show dispersed and low-density physical expansion of the city, which has laid the ground for the spiral and unplanned growth of the city, especially in the northwest area. The highest hot spatial clusters of varying densities in Yasuj were observed in western blocks of the city with 99% significance and the highest cold spatial clusters were recorded in the northwestern blocks. Therefore, controlling and monitoring urban constructions and deterring the destruction of agricultural lands in the west and northwest areas of this city can serve as a key strategy in guiding the physical development of Yasuj.

Spatial patterns of vegetation in a range type dominated by Bromus tomentellus and Astragalus verusin Feridan- Isfahan were studied. Four 50 m2 reference sites were randomly selected (5 by 10 m). All perennial species were counted and their coordination was recorded accordingly. Two approaches were used to measure average distance between plants including “Closest individual” and “Nearest-neighbor method”. Individual plants were counted in quadrates. Spatial patterns of vegetations were determined using three methods including, Point Pattern Analysis, Spatial Indices (Hopkines, Pielou, Johnson and Zimer Index) and Quadrate Indices (Green and Morisita Index).Results indicated that perennial species had randomized spatial patterns due to the relatively homogeneous environmental characteristics of studied area and also selective pattern of vegetation.Point pattern analysis had more accuracy because it considered all perennial species coordination.With sufficient sample size and appropriate quadrate size and shape, quadrate indices had acceptable accuracy. Hopkines index had more precision to determine spatial pattern of vegetation than Johnson, Zimer and Pielou indices. It indicated that spatial indices based on the plant to plant distance (Nearest-neighbor method) had more precision than indices that derived from point to plant distance (Closest individual).

Urban planning has gone from the past to the present day to a greater extent based on physical factors, to the extent that the basis of urban planning plans and urban plans influenced urban development and physical spaces. It's The city is the product of complex economic and social relations and its spatial heterogeneity reflects the processes of widespread socio-economic-cultural-social life in the context of nature in history. Understanding the pattern of spatial development in the major cities of the regions and countries is essential for the formulation of appropriate policies and the achievement of sustainable development. Achieving this also requires the use of appropriate and advanced methods and tools. This article was written with the aim of studying the spatial growth and development of Gorgan city using spatial analysis models and spatial correlation techniques using GIS. Accordingly, in order to analyze the spatial development of Gorgan, a research hypothesis was presented and analyzed through descriptive-analytical method. Accordingly, various spatial statistics and spatial correlation techniques, including cluster analysis, Moran and Gray coefficients, General G, hot spots analysis, have been used. The results show that Gorgan has experienced a cluster-dominated randomized growth pattern with the formation of two hot spots in the southern and eastern part of the city and a cold lake in the northern part.

Spatial metrics are patterns for identifying and measuring spatial-temporal growth in urban planning. In this research, spatial pattern measurement criteria include the magnitude of urban spots, the environment of spots or parts, their proximity and proximity, the distance of spots with the largest spots or major urban spots, the number of spots, the vacancies within spots and the size The main part of the city has been investigated Exploratory-analytical research method. Data and information from satellite imagery has been obtained and the ENVI, ArcGIS and Patch Analyst plug-ins have been used for analysis Findings and results of the research showed that the complexity index of the components is increasing compared to the previous periods The AMWS index ranged from 1. 56 to 1. 84 and the AWMPFD index rose from 1. 25 to 1. 35. The centrality index was also found to be 2. 14 in 1365 and dropped to 1. 12 in 1395, with the creation of new parts around the city, the centralization was reduced. In terms of compression index, it has decreased and the number of built-in urban areas has increased and complexity has increased In terms of urban density, the density in 1365 was 333. 9 per hectare, which decreased to 55. 8 in the last period Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of urban growth has been horizontally uneven with the degradation of fertile agricultural lands and natural resources, and their replacement with the tissue of dispersed and incomplete urban neighborhoods.

IntroductionHeat and cold waves are part of atmospheric extreme events that cause severe damage to human life and destroy the environment. A wave is a period that lasts for several days to several weeks. Heat and cold waves are considered extreme events that occur with increasing or decreasing temperature in cold and heat periods. Since temperature is one of the basic elements of climate, its sudden or short-term and long-term variations can change the climate structure of any place. Climatic hazards such as hot and cold waves, heavy snow, lightning, hail, heavy showers, floods and droughts threaten local people and travelers in Gilan province. Therefore, more detailed studies for the purpose of identification, monitoring, classification and spatial distribution of atmospheric hazards in this area are of great importance and it seems necessary to do it. MethodologyIn order to investigate the cold waves of Gilan province, the minimum daily temperature for 40 years (1980 to 2020) has been used. The minimum temperature data were obtained from the website of the European center for medium-range weather prediction under ERA5 version for 48° 32' to 50° 36' east longitude and 36° 33' to 38° 27' north latitude. The size of each cell is 0.25° × 0.25° and a matrix of 10 x 10 rows and columns was formed, which covers 100 cells in each measurement. In this research, the temperature threshold for detecting cold waves was the 10th percentile of the maximum daily temperature of each cell during 40 years. Based on this, 100 temperature thresholds were identified for 100 cells using the 40-year daily temperature time series. In this regard, two global and local Moran's I statistics were used to analyze the spatial pattern of cold waves. ResultsThe results obtained from the calculation of global Moran’s I index on the frequency of occurrence of cold waves in different months of the year in Gilan province show a cluster pattern in all months and intervals. As a result, the behavior of the frequency of occurrence of cold waves in the area of Guilan province is non-random, and the assumption of randomness of the pattern is also rejected and its non-randomness is confirmed. It should be noted that the cluster pattern of the occurrence of cold waves in different months of the year is established in all three levels of 90, 95 and 99%, and the null hypothesis that the frequency pattern of cold waves is random is rejected and the null hypothesis based on the cluster pattern is accepted. In this regard, the results obtained from the local Moran's I statistic (Anselin) on the sequence of cold waves of 3 to 30 days showed that the high-high cluster pattern (HH) and the low-low cluster pattern (LL), in the form of small areas and large are distributed in Gilan province from the coast to the mountains. Of course, the above pattern in long-term cold wave sequences also have random behavior and the entire province is known as a homogeneous unit. In the case of short-term waves, this issue also indicates the establishment of a non-random and non-homogeneous pattern in Guilan province. Also, the important point that was observed in the single-sample t-test of the frequency of cold waves was that non-random behavior in short-term cold waves turns into non-random behavior towards long-term cold waves. This means that the heterogeneity in the frequency of occurrence of cold waves in shorter wavelengths is greater than in longer wavelengths, and in longer waves the whole area of the province becomes a more homogeneous area. Discussion & ConclusionHeat and cold waves are among the risks that have different effects depending on their duration, magnitude and frequency as well as the exposure of people, goods and the vulnerability of the territory in different climates. In this research, the calculation of global Moran's I index of the frequency of cold waves showed that in different months of the year, a cluster pattern dominates the frequency of cold waves. According to the calculated Z score values and comparing it with the standard Z score values at the confidence level of 90, 95 and 99 or the significance level of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01, the cluster pattern is proven at all levels. The calculation of the local Moran's I statistic of the frequency of cold waves in different months of the year showed that the cluster pattern of LL and HH is established spatially and temporally in the area of Gilan province. As a result, it should be said that non-random behavior in short-term cold waves has turned into non-random behavior in the direction of long-term warm and cold waves, and the heterogeneity in the frequency of occurrence of cold waves is greater in shorter wavelengths than in longer wavelengths.

Objective: Urban poverty has many adverse consequences, one of which is divorce. The purpose of this paper is to study the geographical dispersion of poverty and divorce indicators in the level of statistical blocks of ghaemshahr city and relationship of those two with each other. Methods: The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For unscaling the indicators of urban poverty and divorce index have been used in fuzzy method. Then the indices of poverty and divorce were analyzed spatially in the Arc Gis software environment with method of hot spots and Moran autocorrelation and to study the relationship between poverty and divorce has been used of multiple regression test and Pearson in the spss software environment. Results: The results indicate that 54. 9 percent of the area and 54 percent of the population of the ghaemshahr city is poor and very poor. Also, 1. 14 percent of the total population, 0. 64 percent of the men's population and 1. 63 percent of the women's population are in a state of without spouse due to divorce. Divorced women population is 2. 5 times more divorced men which concentrate more in the center and north east of the city. Based on the results of multiple regression, the indicators of person density in the room, room density in residential unit, sponsorship load, livelihood load and measure of general activity have a effective and significant role in divorce rate of ghaemshahr city. Conclusion: Therefore, to take necessary measures to reduce the phenomenon of divorce in Ghaemshahr city, planning precisely to reduce the factors involved in poverty, which are considered the main causes of divorce, it is seems necessary.